Chinese energy storage manufacturer and BNEF Tier 1 supplier offering C&I and utility-scale BESS. Full-stack self-developed systems including BMS, EMS, and cloud platform.
CATL-ATL joint venture specializing in residential, C&I, and data center energy storage. Uses proprietary Kunlun LFP cells with 15,000-cycle lifespan and pioneered mass-produced semi-solid-state LFP cells with 32 GWh annual production capacity.
#2 global battery manufacturer with vertically integrated BESS from Blade LFP cells to DC and AC block systems. Haohan is the flagship utility-scale DC block up to 14.6 MWh; Chess Plus covers C&I applications.
Chinese Tier 1 LFP cell manufacturer listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Produces high-capacity LFP cells and containerized BESS for utility-scale energy storage with 100 GWh annual capacity.
World's largest BESS battery manufacturer by shipped capacity. Vertically integrated from LFP cell production to containerized DC block systems. Flagship TENER platform claims zero degradation over first five years.
Chinese state-owned rolling stock and energy group, ranked #3 globally in BESS integration by market share. Offers liquid-cooled containerized energy storage systems.
Canadian-Chinese solar and energy storage company with dedicated e-STORAGE subsidiary. Manufactures own LFP cells and utility-scale SolBank DC block systems.
Subsidiary of Hengxin Auto Group, ranked top 7 globally in ESS battery shipments. LFP cells (100–588Ah) and DC blocks up to 6.26 MWh. Datasheets available.
Tier 1 battery manufacturer operating the world's largest dedicated BESS factory (60 GWh in Jingmen). Produces LFP cells (628Ah 'Mr. Big') and containerized DC block systems with CTP technology. Also developing sodium-ion BESS.
Top 4 global BESS integrator (Wood Mackenzie) and BloombergNEF Tier 1 manufacturer with 30+ GWh deployed across 300+ projects. Gen 8 Scalable Platform features proprietary 750Ah+ LFP cells in modular 10-foot units supporting 6-12+ MWh configurations with 440+ Wh/L energy density.
Sino-British clean energy company ranked 2nd globally for residential energy storage shipments and BloombergNEF Tier 1. Offers hybrid inverters, high-voltage LFP battery systems, and C&I all-in-one storage solutions across 70+ countries.
Chinese lithium mining and battery group with vertically integrated BESS division. Over 21 GWh deployed globally, offering LFP cells and containerized energy storage systems up to 10 MWh.
Chinese battery manufacturer listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (300438) with 8 production bases and capacity exceeding 100 GWh. Produces LFP cells and utility-scale BESS systems.
Chinese energy storage manufacturer and BNEF Tier 1 supplier, ranked among China's top 3 C&I storage providers. Full-stack self-developed systems with 3S integration.
Energy storage division of JinkoSolar and BNEF Tier 1 manufacturer, offering utility-scale and C&I battery energy storage systems built on in-house LFP cell technology. SunTera containers deliver up to 6.25 MWh per 20ft unit with 10,000+ cycle life.
Chinese smart grid and energy storage company listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Offers liquid-cooled battery containers, energy storage cabinets, and integrated EMS platforms.
Swiss-headquartered energy storage company manufacturing LFP-based BESS solutions in Turkey. Product range spans utility-scale DC containers and MV skids to commercial AC cabinets.
Vertically integrated energy storage company manufacturing LFP cells (280Ah to 783Ah solid-state) and containerized BESS up to 8.3 MWh per unit. Over 8 GWh installed globally across 40+ countries with 260+ safety certifications and pioneering solid-state battery technology.
US-based BESS company (Mitsubishi Power and EES joint venture) offering integrated energy storage platforms. Over 6 GWh deployed across 35+ utility-scale projects.
Leading modular LFP battery system manufacturer for C&I and utility-scale BESS. Container-based L-series and PowerCube rack systems are deployed across European and APAC markets.
Chinese energy storage company specializing in modular BESS solutions from 50 kWh to 5+ MWh with intelligent microgrid control systems. Core technology centers on smart microgrid controllers with millisecond-level response, integrated EMS, and cloud-based virtual power plant capabilities.
BloombergNEF Tier 1 energy storage manufacturer that expanded from solar into comprehensive BESS solutions through subsidiary SYL Battery. Offers vertically integrated products spanning LFP cells, modules, PCS, and containerized systems with 15 GWh+ annual production capacity.
French battery manufacturer and TotalEnergies subsidiary specializing in high-reliability BESS for industrial and grid applications. Intensium Max+ is their flagship utility-scale BESS container.
Fast-growing energy storage company founded by former Huawei Smart PV executives, specializing in AI-optimized residential and C&I BESS. SigenStor 5-in-one system integrates solar inverter, EV DC charger, battery PCS, battery pack, and EMS in a single unit.
Chinese publicly listed smart energy company specializing in PV inverters and energy storage systems. Manufactures utility-scale PCS and battery containers (ORI series) as well as commercial and industrial integrated storage solutions.
BloombergNEF Tier 1 energy storage manufacturer with vertically integrated LFP cell production (102Ah to 684Ah) and containerized BESS systems. NoahX 3.0 delivers 6.528 MWh per 20ft container with 15,000+ cycle life and AI-based active balancing.
Chinese cable and energy group offering utility-scale liquid-cooled BESS containers with self-developed integrated PCS. Active in energy storage since 2012.
Chinese BESS manufacturer specializing in PCS, battery packs, BMS, and complete energy storage systems. Top 10 Chinese utility-scale BESS OEM supplier with 100+ large-scale projects installed globally.
DC blok je autonomna jedinica koja objedinjuje baterijske module, regale, BMS i integrirano upravljanje toplinom u sklop spreman za rad na istosmjernoj struji. U utility-scale BESS sustavima, više DC blokova spaja se na centralizirani ili string PCS (sustav za pretvorbu snage) koji pretvara istosmjernu struju u izmjeničnu struju kompatibilnu s mrežom. DC blok je razina na kojoj timovi za nabavu evaluiraju energetski kapacitet, složenost integracije sustava i ponašanje degradacije dugoročno — te čini najveću pojedinačnu stavku CAPEX-a BESS-a.
Većina utility-scale DC blokova koristi LFP kemiju u kontejnerskom ili ormarskom formatu s kapacitetom od 4–9+ MWh. Tekuće hlađenje danas je standard za projekte od više megavat-sati — omogućuje ujednačenije temperature ćelija i veće gustoće snage u usporedbi s hlađenjem zrakom.
Ključne specifikacije
Što usporediti pri evaluaciji DC blokova
Prilikom uže selekcije za BESS projekt, ovo su ključne tehničke specifikacije koje EPC tvrtke, razvijači projekata i integratori sustava obično evaluiraju:
C-rate
0,25C – 1C
C-rate određuje maksimalnu snagu punjenja/pražnjenja u odnosu na kapacitet. Viši C-rate (≥ 0,5C) omogućuje slaganje prihoda; niži (0,25C) optimiziraju sporije cikliranje i manju degradaciju.
Energetski kapacitet
4 – 9+ MWh
Energetski kapacitet po DC bloku izravno utječe na površinu lokacije, složenost kabliranja i troškove. Veći blokovi smanjuju broj jedinica i BoP priključaka.
Kemija
LFP dominira
LFP je standardna kemija za utility-scale DC blokove zbog sigurnosti i cikličkog životnog vijeka. Neki proizvođači nude NMC varijante za primjene gdje je energetska gustoća ključna.
Ukupna učinkovitost ciklusa
85 – 95 %
Mjereno na razini DC bloka (AC ukupna učinkovitost ciklusa uključuje i gubitke PCS-a i transformatora). Veća učinkovitost poboljšava LCOS i profitabilnost arbitraže.
Metoda hlađenja
Tekuće ili zračno
Tekuće hlađenje omogućuje veće gustoće snage i ujednačenije temperature ćelija. Zračno hlađenje jednostavnije je, ali ga u utility-scale zamjenjuje tekuće.
Certifikati
UL 9540A, IEC 62619
UL 9540A procjenjuje ponašanje širenja požara na razini sustava. IEC 62619 pokriva sigurnost baterijskih ćelija. Regionalni zahtjevi mogu nalagati dodatne norme.
Često postavljana pitanja
Često postavljana pitanja
Koja je razlika između DC bloka i AC bloka?
DC blok isporučuje istosmjernu struju i mora se spojiti na vanjski PCS koji pretvara struju u izmjeničnu kompatibilnu s mrežom. AC blok integrira PCS i bateriju u jednu jedinicu i izravno isporučuje izmjeničnu struju. DC blokovi nude veću arhitektonsku fleksibilnost i preferiraju se za većinu utility-scale projekata, dok AC blokovi pojednostavljuju integraciju i češći su u manjim C&I primjenama.
Zašto većina utility-scale BESS projekata koristi DC blokove?
DC blokovi omogućuju razvijačima projekata i EPC tvrtkama da neovisno odabiru dobavljača PCS-a i proizvođača baterija te optimiziraju arhitekturu sustava (centralizirana vs string) prilagođenu zahtjevima pojedinog projekta. Ova modularnost poboljšava pregovaračku poziciju u nabavi, pojednostavljuje zamjenu u slučaju jamstva i omogućuje ekonomičnije proširenje kapaciteta tijekom životnog vijeka projekta.
Koje certifikate mora imati DC blok?
Dva najčešće zahtijevana certifikata su UL 9540A (metoda ispitivanja širenja požara na razini sustava) i IEC 62619 (sigurnosni zahtjevi za industrijske litij-ionske baterije). Ovisno o regiji i investitoru, mogu se zahtijevati dodatne norme poput UN 38.3 (prijevoz), IEC 62477 (sigurnost opreme energetske elektronike), IP stupnjevi zaštite i projektno specifični zahtjevi protupožarne zaštite.
Kako kapacitet DC bloka utječe na troškove projekta?
Veći DC blokovi (npr. 5+ MWh po jedinici) smanjuju ukupni broj potrebnih jedinica za projekt, čime se smanjuje kabliranje, BoP i napor instalacije. Međutim, veće jedinice zahtijevaju teža dizalična sredstva za prijevoz i postavljanje. Timovi za nabavu moraju uravnotežiti veličinu DC bloka s logistikom lokacije, zahtjevima za temelje i strategijom proširenja kapaciteta.
